Are you confused about these terms? Do you not use clicker training, but you do use positive reinforcement?
What is Clicker Training for Horses
The term “clicker” training stems from the hand-held device that makes a click sound when pressed. Trainers use it to mark a desired behaviour of their horse. The click is then followed by an appetitive reinforcer. Appetitive is per definitions something the learner values and wants to have (and is willing to work for).
The “clicker” is often made out of plastic with a metal plate in it that makes the “click” sound when pressed and pops back into shape.
What is Positive Reinforcement (R+) training for horses?
Positive reinforcement is giving the learner an appetitive when (or shortly after) a desired behaviour is offered.
Positive reinforcement means “strengthening a behaviour by adding an appetitive”. The way positive reinforcement training is used best is to use a “marker” signal that pinpoints the exact desired behaviour. It gives the animal more clarity and he learns quickly to pay attention to the marker signal.
Appetitives don’t have to be food, but food is the easiest to work with and horses eat 16 hours and day and therefor almost always interested in eating.
If your horse likes scratches or something else, you absolutely can use that in training, too. As long as it strengthens the desired behaviour.
Marker signal pinpoints the desired behaviour
The marker does *not have to be* a click, it can be a word, a light signal, a tactile signal, even a body language cue (which happens if people “pre load” and are taking a treat in their hand before they mark desired behaviour. Whenever the hand is in the pocket, horses anticipate on it and now expect a treat. This mistake can cause mugging and frustration due to unclear communication).
As long as it’s clear, always the same and a unique short sound so the horse doesn’t have to reason ”was this a marker or not”?. A word can sound different according to your emotions (very happy or barely satisfied with the result). A clicker always sounds the same. I find that an advantage. Another advantage is that it can communicate over great distances!
Clicker training is Positive Reinforcement, but not necessarily the other way around
Clicker Training IS Positive Reinforcement training in my (personal) ‘book’, but Positive Reinforcement doesn’t necessarily have to involve a clicker. I used these terms interchangeably. I like the way “clicker training” sounds and it has a happy colour!.
Using a marker signal does creates clarity for the learner and enhances two-way communication in training, which leads to faster results. Therefor I recommend using a marker when training a new behaviour!
Sandra Poppema, BSc Founder of HippoLogic Enhancing Horse-Human connections through clicker training
One of the key lessons I like to promote as a really good foundation to start with and to keep working on, is safe behaviour around food, ‘table manners for horses’ so to say.
Why is this one of the ‘key lessons’?
If you are working with horses you always want to be as safe as possible. You certainly don’t want to create problems, which can easily happen if you train with food as a reinforcer without having clear ‘rules’. Rules are alle about expectations:
When can your horse expect a treat: only after a click
When can’t he expect treats: no click, no glory, no treat
How he can earn clicks that lead to treats: paying attention to the cue and answer the question right
Your Key to Success in using food as reinforcer is to teach your horse safe hand-feeding or Key Lesson Table Manners. Key Lessons are your Key to Success in Clicker Training your Horse.
Ground rules in clicker training
People who, in the horses’ eyes, reward randomly with food will have horses that are always expecting the unexpected: a random treat. That leads to impatient horses: they want it now!
Therefor you have to start making clear your horse has to know he has to do something in order to get a reward. He also has to know what it is he did, that made him earn the treat. He has to learn to pay attention to your marker (the click). No click, no (food) reward.
Mugging
What to do if your horse is mugging you? Using a marker makes it easier for your horse to understand that ‘mugging’ is never reinforced. There is no click, so no food will come his way.
Mugging is annoying for the handler and can trigger frustration in the horse. Especially if he sometimes gets rewarded for this behaviour (with attention, a pet or even food) while other sometimes he gets punished for it or ignored. It is this various ‘reward’schedule that strengthen this undesired behaviour even more. How to handle this?
You want to reinforce the opposite behaviour of mugging. A behaviour that is incompatible with pushing your arm or sniffing your pockets. This will make your training sessions more safe.
Table-Manners for Horses
Teach your horse to move his head (read: mouth) away from you, your pocket with food or your ‘money belt’ full of goodies.
Teach your horse to keep his lips closed
Teach him to gently take the treat off of your hands
If you want your horse to behave around feeding time, you have to communicate clearly what behaviour you expect from him:
standing with four feet on the floor while the food cart is coming
back up when the stall door is opened or when the hay is delivered and so on.
Use a marker signal to pinpoint the wanted behaviours. Read more here.
Teach your horse ‘Polite’ behaviours
With ‘polite’ behaviour I mean safebehaviour. The horse must wait ‘politely’ until the food is delivered to his lips, after the marker. He shouldn’t move towards the treat, he has to learn that the treat will come to him. The horse must (learn to) take the treat carefully off of my hand and only use his lips and no teeth.
When I click and when I deliver the food, I pay close attention to the horses state of mind. Those two moments (click and the delivery of the treat) are the reinforcing moments, and I do want to reinforce safe behaviour, so I pay attention to the horses state of mind.
You are the Trainer
Present the food in a safe way to the horse and ‘prove’ to your horse that you are trustworthy. You will always deliver a food reward after a click and you will deliver it (bring it to his mouth so he won’t have to ‘search’ for it). If you drop it on the ground, simply give another one.
People who are easily scared by a horse that moves towards the treat in their hand and proceed to drop the food, need to work on their food presenting skills. You want the horse to trust you on where the food is presented (to their mouth) and that it will arrive. Be consistent and reliable in the way you present treats.
Before you click, always check if you still have at least one more treat to offer. It doesn’t have to be food, but if you’re working with food, make sure you have something left in your pocket to give.
Value of your Treat (Appetitive)
The value of the reward, the size and the chewiness can all influence (un)desired behaviours around food. If the size of the treat is too small, it can easily fall on the floor and get lost, if it is too big it can be hard to eat quickly. Is the reward a high value treat, the horse get frustrated if it’s not delivered quickly enough. If the horse has to chew very long it can distract him from the training.
There are many aspects to take into consideration when you reinforce your horse with food. Please don’t let this long list scare you away from working with food rewards.
Food is such a powerful reinforcer that once your horse understands how you want him to behave around food and treats in training, you can have a lot of fun with it!
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Do you struggle with a horse that mugs you for treats or attention?
Do you wish your horse would behave better but you want can use some help? Maybe your horse:
Paws for attention when he’s at the grooming place
Kicks his stall doors
Always is ‘in your pocket’ (and most often you wish he wasn’t like that)
Becomes pushy (or nibbles) when you have treats in your pockets
His mugging behaviours are holding you back from clicker training awesome, amazing or useful and safe behaviors
If you would like to learn where in your training you can improve so that you would get the results you want in clicker training, grap this opportunity to get a free Clicker Training Assessment!
After your assessment you know exactly what to improve and how you can avoid the pitfalls that keeps you stuck. You’ll know your next step and you’ll walk away with valuable insights about your training style.
I help horse owners get the results in training they really, really want with joy and easy for both horse and human. I always aim for win-win in training in order to enhance the bond between horses and humans!
Become a Confident Clicker Trainer
When you want to do more with positive reinforcement and feel confident training your own horse, this is the course for you! The Confident Clicker Trainer course is a high quality, online training program that you can do yourself. You’ll become automatically confident in your skills when you get predictable results. This course is aimed at novice and advanced clicker trainers who want to make their foundation really, really strong so that they can train everything else you want, faster and easier.
Enjoy Your Horse More
When you implement more positive reinforcement in your training and daily interactions with your horse, you ‘ll develop a strong bond. You’ll enhance the communication and built mutual trust and understanding. Clicker Training is so much more than a training method!
HippoLogic -> Clickertraining.ca 
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